Anatomy

Iguanas have many anatomical features left over from the dinosaur days. For example, they have a Parietal or "third" eye (see picture). This eye on top of their head consists of a retina covered by a scale. It can see light and dark and can also sense movement. Iguanas can hear very well, and can even recognize your voice and their own name. The respiratory system is a location for many defense mechanisms. Iguanas can hold their breath for over 20 minutes, which can come in handy when hiding from a predator. Iguanas are hindgut fermentors, which means they digest the majority of their food in the cecum.

Husbandry

Iguanas require hot and humid environments with lots of space and opportunities to climb. They require special lighting to meet their heat and UV requirements.

Iguanas are 100% vegetarian. They're diet should consist mainly of leafy greens such as turnip or collard greens (unlike those shown in the picture), with some fruits and veggies such as apples and carrots, and a little vegetable protein such as tofu.

Common Medical Problems

Most medical problems in the captive iguana are a direct result of improper husbandry or poor nutrition. Iguanas have many special requirements for their environment and diet, and will get very sick if they are not fulfilled.

One of the most important consequences of improper care is Metabolic Bone Disease. This condition can be the result of having too little calcium in the diet or not having the proper UV light, along with other causes. Iguanas with MBD are lethargic and have swollen limbs and jaws. It can eventually lead to paralysis and even death. Mild cases can be treated by providing proper lighting and nutrition, while more severe cases need more attention, such as a powerful calcium supplement.

Renal failure is another common disease in iguanas. It can come about as a result of chronic dehydration and animal protein in the diet. There is no specific treatment, but fluid therapy and surgery can help depending on the severity of the disease.

Bladder stones are a less serious disease caused by the presence of animal protein in the diet. If left uncorrected, they could eventually lead to kidney failure. Surgical removal is necessary, and fluid therapy and dietary adjustments are needed.

An iguana housed in a home that is too small for his space requirements will become stressed and may exhibit behaviors such as nose-pressing against the enclosure's walls. Your iguana can subsequently break teeth and develop an oral abscess. These can be treated by removing the inflammatory exudate and treating with an antibiotic such as gentomicin.